Friday, November 15, 2019
Lazy, Decision Tree classifier and Multilayer Perceptron
Lazy, Decision Tree classifier and Multilayer Perceptron Performance Evaluation of Lazy, Decision Tree classifier and Multilayer Perceptron on Traffic Accident Analysis Abstract. Traffic and road accident are a big issue in every country. Road accident influence on many things such as property damage, different injury level as well as a large amount of death. Data science has such capability to assist us to analyze different factors behind traffic and road accident such as weather, road, time etc. In this paper, we proposed different clustering and classification techniques to analyze data. We implemented different classification techniques such as Decision Tree, Lazy classifier, and Multilayer perceptron classifier to classify dataset based on casualty class as well as clustering techniques which are k-means and Hierarchical clustering techniques to cluster dataset. Firstly we analyzed dataset by using these classifiers and we achieved accuracy at some level and later, we applied clustering techniques and then applied classification techniques on that clustered data. Our accuracy level increased at some level by using clustering techniques on datas et compared to a dataset which was classified without clustering. Keywords: Decision tree, Lazy classifier, Multilayer perceptron, K-means, Hierarchical clustering INTRODUCTION Traffic and road accident are one of the important problem across the world. Diminishing accident ratio is most effective way to improve traffic safety. There are many type of research has been done in many countries in traffic accident analysis by using different type of data mining techniques. Many researcher proposed their work in order to reduce the accident ratio by identifying risk factors which particularly impact in the accident [1-5]. There are also different techniques used to analyze traffic accident but its stated that data mining technique is more advance technique and shown better results as compared to statistical analysis. However, both methods provide appreciable outcome which is helpful to reduce accident ratio [6-13, 28, 29]. From the experimental point of view, mostly studies tried to find out the risk factors which affect the severity levels. Among most of studies explained that drinking alcoholic beverage and driving influenced more in accident [14]. It identified that drinking alcoholic beverage and driving seriously increase the accident ratio. There are various studies which have focused on restraint devices like helmet, seat belts influence the severity level of accident and if these devices would have been used to accident ratio had decreased at certain level [15]. In addition, few studies have focused on identifying the group of drivers who are mostly involved in accident. Elderly drivers whose age are more than 60 years, they are identified mostly in road accident [16]. Many studies provided different level of risk factors which influenced more in severity level of accident. Lee C [17] stated that statistical approaches were good option to analyze the relation between in various risk factors and accident. Although, Chen and Jovanis [18] identified that there are some problem like large contingency table during analyzing big dimensional dataset by using statistical techniques. As well as statistical approach also have their own violation and assumption which can bring some error results [30-33]. Because of these limitation in statistical approach, Data techniques came into existence to analyze data of road accident. Data mining often called as knowledge or data discovery. This is set of techniques to achieve hidden information from large amount of data. It is shown that there are many implementation of data mining in transportation system like pavement analysis, roughness analysis of road and road accident analysis. Data mining techniques has been the most widely used techniques in field like agriculture, medical, transportation, business, industries, engineering and many other scientific fields [21-23]. There are many diverse data mining methodologies such as classification, association rules and clustering has been extensivally used for analyzing dataset of road accident [19-20]. Geurts K [24] analyzed dataset by using association rule mining to know the different factors that happens at very high frequency road accident areas on Belgium road. Depaire [25] analyzed dataset of road accident in Belgium by using different clustering techniques and stated that clustered based data can extract better information as compared without clustered data. Kwon analyzed dataset by using Decision Tree and NB classifiers to factors which is affecting more in road accident. Kashani [27] analyzed dataset by using classification and regression algorithm to analyze accident ratio in Iran and achieved that there a re factors such as wrong overtaking, not using seat belts, and badly speeding affected the severity level of accident. METHODOLOGY This research work focus on casualty class based classification of road accident. The paper describe the k-means and Hierarchical clustering techniques for cluster analysis. Moreover, Decision Tree, Lazy classifier and Multilayer perceptron used in this paper to classify the accident data. Clustering Techniques Hierarchical Clustering Hierarchical clustering is also known as HCS (Hierarchical cluster analysis). It is unsupervised clustering techniques which attempt to make clusters hierarchy. It is divided into two categories which are Divisive and Agglomerative clustering. Divisive Clustering: In this clustering technique, we allocate all of the inspection to one cluster and later, partition that single cluster into two similar clusters. Finally, we continue repeatedly on every cluster till there would be one cluster for every inspection. Agglomerative method: It is bottom up approach. We allocate every inspection to their own cluster. Later, evaluate the distance between every clusters and then amalgamate the most two similar clusters. Repeat steps second and third until there could be one cluster left. The algorithm is given below            X set A of objects {a1, a2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an}            Distance function is d1 and d2            For j=1 to n           dj={aj}          end for          D= {d1, d2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..dn}         Y=n+1         while D.size>1 do -(dmin1, dmin2)=minimum distance (dj, dk) for all dj, dk in all D -Delete dmin1 and dmin2 from D -Add (dmin1, dmin2) to D -Y=Y+1          end while K-modes clustering Clustering is an data mining technique which use unsupervised learning, whose major aim is to categorize the data features into a distinct type of clusters in such a way that features inside a group are more alike than the features in different clusters. K-means technique is an extensively used clustering technique for large numerical data analysis. In this, the dataset is grouped into k-clusters. There are diverse clustering techniques available but the assortment of appropriate clustering algorithm rely on the nature and type of data. Our major objective of this work is to differentiate the accident places on their frequency occurrence. Lets assume thatX and Y is a matrix of m by n matrix of categorical data. The straightforward closeness coordinating measure amongst X and Y is the quantity of coordinating quality estimations of the two values. The more noteworthy the quantity of matches is more the comparability of two items. K-modes algorithm can be explained as:                             d (Xi,Yi)=                   (1)                Where           - (2) Classification Techniques Lazy Classifier Lazy classifier save the training instances and do no genuine work until classification time. Lazy classifier is a learning strategy in which speculation past the preparation information is postponed until a question is made to the framework where the framework tries to sum up the training data before getting queries. The main advantage of utilizing a lazy classification strategy is that the objective scope will be exacted locally, for example, in the k-nearest neighbor. Since the target capacity is approximated locally for each question to the framework, lazy classifier frameworks can simultaneously take care of various issues and arrangement effectively with changes in the issue field. The burdens with lazy classifier incorporate the extensive space necessity to store the total preparing dataset. For the most part boisterous preparing information expands the case bolster pointlessly, in light of the fact that no idea is made amid the preparation stage and another detriment is that lazy classification strategies are generally slower to assess, however this is joined with a quicker preparing stage. K Star The K star can be characterized as a strategy for cluster examination which fundamentally goes for the partition of n perception into k-clusters, where every perception has a location with the group to the closest mean. We can depict K star as an occurrence based learner which utilizes entropy as a separation measure. The advantages are that it gives a predictable way to deal with treatment of genuine esteemed attributes, typical attributes and missing attributes. K star is a basic, instance based classifier, like K Nearest Neighbor (K-NN). New data instance, x, are doled out to the class that happens most every now and again among the k closest information focuses, yj, where j = 1, 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ k. Entropic separation is then used to recover the most comparable occasions from the informational index. By method for entropic remove as a metric has a number of advantages including treatment of genuine esteemed qualities and missing qualities. The K star function can be ascertained a s: K*(yi, x)=-ln P*(yi, x) Where P* is the likelihood of all transformational means from instance x to y. It can be valuable to comprehend this as the likelihood that x will touch base at y by means of an arbitrary stroll in IC highlight space. It will performed streamlining over the percent mixing proportion parameter which is closely resembling K-NN sphere of influence, before appraisal with other Machine Learning strategies. IBK (K Nearest Neighbor) Its a k-closest neighbor classifier technique that utilize a similar separation metric. The quantity of closest neighbors may be illustrated unequivocally in the object editor or determined consequently utilizing blow one cross-approval center to a maximum point of confinement provided by the predetermined esteem. IBK is the knearest-neighbor classifier. A sort of divorce pursuit calculations might be used to quicken the errand of identifying the closest neighbors. A direct inquiry is the default yet promote decision blend ball trees, KD-trees, thus called cover trees. The dissolution work used is a parameter of the inquiry strategy. The rest of the thing is alike one the basis of IBL-which is called Euclidean separation; different alternatives blend Chebyshev, Manhattan, and Minkowski separations. Forecasts higher than one neighbor may be weighted by their distance from the test occurrence and two unique equations are implemented for altering over the distance into a weight. The qua ntity of preparing occasions kept by the classifier can be limited by setting the window estimate choice. As new preparing occasions are included, the most seasoned ones are segregated to keep up the quantity of preparing cases at this size. Decision Tree Random decision forests or random forest are a package learning techniques for regression, classification and other tasks, that perform by building a legion of decision trees at training time and resulting the class which would be the mode of the mean prediction (regression) or classes (classification) of the separate trees. Random decision forests good for decision trees routime of overfitting to their training set. In different calculations, the classification is executed recursively till each and every leaf is clean or pure, that is the order of the data ought to be as impeccable as would be prudent. The goal is dynamically speculation of a choice tree until it picks up the balance of adaptability and exactness. This technique utilized the Entropy that is the computation of disorder data. Here Entropy is measured by:                                 Entropy () =                                  Entropy () = Hence so total gain = Entropy () Entropy () Here the goal is to increase the total gain by dividing total entropy because of diverging arguments by value i. Multilayer Perceptron An MLP might be observed as a logistic regression classifier in which input data is firstly altered utilizing a non-linear transformation. This alteration deal the input dataset into space, and the place where this turn into linearly separable. This layer as an intermediate layer is known as a hidden layer. One hidden layer is enough to create MLPs. Formally, a single hidden layer Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is a function of f: YIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ’YO, where I would be the input size vector x and O is the size of output vector f(x), such that, in matrix notation                                                F(x) = g(ÃŽÂ ¸(2)+W(2)(s(ÃŽÂ ¸(1)+W(1)x))) DESCRIPTION OF DATASET The traffic accident data is obtained from online data source for Leeds UK [8]. This data set comprises 13062 accident which happened since last 5 years from 2011 to 2015. After carefully analyzed this data, there are 11 attributes discovered for this study. The dataset consist attributes which are Number of vehicles, time, road surface, weather conditions, lightening conditions, casualty class, sex of casualty, age, type of vehicle, day and month and these attributes have different features like casualty class has driver, pedestrian, passenger as well as same with other attributes with having different features which was given in data set. These data are shown briefly in table 2 ACCURACY MEASUREMENT The accuracy is defined by different classifiers of provided dataset and that is achieved a percentage of dataset tuples which is classified precisely by help of different classifiers. The confusion matrix is also called as error matrix which is just layout table that enables to visualize the behavior of an algorithm. Here confusing matrix provides also an important role to achieve the efficiency of different classifiers. There are two class labels given and each cell consist prediction by a classifier which comes into that cell. Table 1 Confusion Matrix                             Correct Labels Negative Positive Negative TN (True negative) FN (False negative) Positive FP (False positive) TP (True positive) Now, there are many factors like Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, error rate, precision, f-measures, recall and so on. TPR (Accuracy or True Positive Rate) = FPR (False Positive Rate) = Precision = Sensitivity = And there are also other factors which can find out to classify the dataset correctly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 describe all the attributes available in the road accident dataset. There are 11 attributes mentioned and their code, values, total and other factors included. We divided total accident value on the basis of casualty class which is Driver, Passenger, and Pedestrian by the help of SQL. Table 2 S.NO. Attribute Code Value Total        Casualty Class Driver Passenger Pedestrian 1. No. of vehicles 1 1 vehicle 3334 763 817 753 2 2 vehicle 7991 5676 2215 99 3+ >3 vehicle 5214 1218 510 10 2. Time T1 [0-4] 630 269 250 110 T2 [4-8] 903 698 133 71 T3 [6-12] 2720 1701 644 374 T4 [12-16] 3342 1812 1027 502 T5 [16-20] 3976 2387 990 598 T6 [20-24] 1496 790 498 207 3. Road Surface OTR Other 106 62 30 13 DR Dry 9828 5687 2695 1445 WT Wet 3063 1858 803 401 SNW Snow 157 101 39 16 FLD Flood 17 11 5 0 4. Lightening Condition DLGT Day Light 9020 5422 2348 1249 NLGT No Light 1446 858 389 198 SLGT Street Light 2598 1377 805 415 5. Weather Condition CLR Clear 11584 6770 3140 1666 FG Fog 37 26 7 3 SNY Snowy 63 41 15 6 RNY Rainy 1276 751 350 174 6. Casualty Class DR Driver PSG Passenger PDT Pedestrian 7. Sex of Casualty M Male 7758 5223 1460 1074 F Female 5305 2434 2082 788 8. Age Minor 1976 454 855 667 Youth 18-30 years 4267 2646 1158 462 Adult 30-60 years 4254 3152 742 359 Senior >60 years 2567 1405 787 374 9. Type of Vehicle BS Bus 842 52 687 102 CR Car 9208 4959 2692 1556 GDV GoodsVehicle 449 245 86 117 BCL Bicycle 1512 1476 11 24 PTV PTWW 977 876 48 52 OTR Other 79 49 18 11 10. Day WKD Weekday 9884 5980 2499 1404 WND Weekend 3179 1677 1043 458 11. Month Q1 Jan-March 3017 1731 803 482 Q2 April-June 3220 1887 907 425 Q3 July-September 3376 2021 948 406 Q4 Oct-December 3452 2018 884 549 Direct Classification Analysis We utilized different approaches to classify this bunch of dataset on the basis of casualty class. We used classifier which are Decision Tree, Lazy classifier and Multilayer perceptron. We attained some result to few level as shown in table 3 Table 3 Classifiers Accuracy Lazy classifier(K-Star) 67.7324% Lazy classifier (IBK) 68.5634% Decision Tree 70.7566% Multilayer perceptron 69.3031% We achieved some results to this given level by using these three approaches and then later we utilized different clustering techniques which are Hierarchical clustering and K-modes. Figure 1 Direct classified Accuracy Analysis by using clustering techniques In this analysis, we utilized two clustering techniques which are Hierarchical and K-modes techniques, Later we divided dataset into 9 clusters. We achieved better results by using Hierarchical as compared to K-modes techniques. Lazy Classifier Output K Star: In this, our classified result increased from 67.7324 % to 82.352%. Its sharp improvement in result after clustering. Table 4 TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure MCC ROC Area PRC Area Class 0.956 0.320 0.809 0.956 0.876 0.679 0.928 0.947 Driver 0.529 0.029 0.873 0.529 0.659 0.600 0.917 0.824 Passenger 0.839 0.027 0.837 0.839 0.838 0.811 0.981 0.906 Pedestrian IBK: In this, our classified result increased from 68.5634% to 84.4729%. Its sharp improvement in result after clustering. Table 5 TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure MCC ROC Area PRC Area Class 0.945 0.254 0.840 0.945 0.890 0.717 0.950 0.964 Driver 0.644 0.048 0.833 0.644 0.726 0.651 0.940 0.867 Passenger 0.816 0.018 0.884 0.816 0.849 0.826 0.990 0.946 Pedestrian Decision Tree Output In this study, we used Decision Tree classifier which improved the accuracy better than ear
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Claudia Jones and Ella Baker :: Essays Papers
Claudia Jones and Ella Baker On Christmas day 1964, Claudia Jones, only forty-nine years old, died alone in her London apartment. Over three hundred people attended her funeral on January 9, 1965 to commemorate the woman who spent her entire adult life agitating against oppression. â€Å"Visitors who come to London’s Highgate Cemetery see that next to the grave of Karl Marx there is the tombstone of Claudia Jones. Many wonder what earned her the honour of being buried beside the founder of scientific communism.†[1] On the other side of the globe, Ella Baker, a leading African-American Civil Rights leader, was defending her theories of decentralized leadership. Tensions mounted in the movement when grassroots organizations rejected the ideas of central leadership and non-violence. One such organization, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), founded in part, by the efforts of Ella Baker, became dedicated to Ella’s ideals of decentralized leadership, challenging the auth ority of high profile individuals in the Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will examine the experiences of these two radicals. Both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones spent their entire adult lives writing, speaking and debating the issues that African-Americans faced. These issues included racist oppression, class hierarchy and the roles of women. However, although they both confronted the same issues, they had divergent philosophies that shaped their political careers. Their individual ideas can be examined in terms of Winston James’ definition of radicalism and Cedric Robinson’s theory of the development of the Black Radical tradition. Although the radicalism of both Ella Baker and Claudia Jones fits within Robinson and James’ definitions, their unique experiences as women helped define their ideas and theories, and transform the role of women in the Black Radical tradition. In Winston James’, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, he defines radicalism or radical politics as, â€Å"the challenging of the status quo either on the basis of social class, race (or ethnicity), or a combination of the two.†[2] He goes on to articulate, in terms of the above definition, radicals. According to James radicals, therefore, â€Å"are avowed anti-capitalists, as well as adherents of varieties of Black Nationalism.†[3] Included in this definition are those who have attempted to unite anti-capitalist and nationalist thought. Though James examined Black Radicalism in terms of Caribbean migrants in the United States, his definition could be applied to native-born African-Americans as well.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
The Physiology of Fitness: The Body’s Acute Response to Exercise
UNIT 2 As soon as you begin to exercise changes begin to happen within your body. Body systems work together, to make sure that you have enough energy to perform. Body systems respond both in the Short and Long-term in response to exercise. It is important to understand the changes that happen to the body as a result of physical activity. You will understand the: Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular and Respiratory responses to exercise through this unit As soon as you begin to exercise changes begin to happen within your body. Body systems work together, to make sure that you have enough energy to perform.Body systems respond both in the Short and Long-term in response to exercise. It is important to understand the changes that happen to the body as a result of physical activity. You will understand the: Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular and Respiratory responses to exercise through this unit THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESS CONTEXT SCENARIO You have been appointed as a Trainee Sports Therapist worki ng with the Sixth Form Sports Teams. As part of your role you need to work with players from the teams to look at the effects that exercise has on the body.You will need to look at the effects of exercise in both the short and long term and conduct some investigations to show the players the effects that exercise has on their bodies. UNIT 2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESS ASSESSMENT TASK 1(P1/P2/M1) The body’s acute response to exercise SCENARIO As a trainee Sports Therapist you have been asked to conduct some research into the short term effects of exercise on the following body systems (Muscoskeletal, Energy, Cardiovascular and Respiratory System). You need to feedback to the Senior Sports Therapist with your findings. * DESCRIBE the MUSCOSKELETAL and ENERGY systems response to acute exercise (P1) DESCRIBE the CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY systems responses to acute exercise(P2) * EXPLAIN the response of the MUSCOSKELTAL, CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY Systems to acute exercise ( M1 ) START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: UNIT 2 ASSESSMENT TASK 1 (P1/P2/M1). HELPSHEET GRADING CRITERIA PASS| PASS| MERIT| P1: DESCRIBE the MUSCOSKELETAL and ENERGY systems response to acute exercise| P2: DESCRIBE the CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY systems responses to acute exercise| M1: EXPLAIN the response of the MUSCOSKELTAL, CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY Systems to acute exercise|USE OF KEY VERBS VERB| PLAIN ENGLISH| Describe| Try to â€Å"Paint a picture†in words. Assume that the person that you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are describing. Tell them what you have learned. | Explain| Once you have described the subject, often you will need to give further details and reasons why. (e. g. ) Once you have described England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could. | NO. | Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)| TICK WHEN COMPLETE| | | Learner| Assessor| | TITLE : The Body’s acute response to exercise| | | 2| Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the MUSCOSKELETAL system. Include the following: Increased Blood Supply, Increase in Muscle Pliability, Increased range of movement and Muscle Fibre Micro-Tears (e. g. ) Blood Supply increases to the muscles during exercise , this allows more oxygen to be delivered through the blood capillaries to fuel the muscles. Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate) for the effects on the MUSCOSKELTAL system. (e. g. )Dilation of the blood capillaries occurs this allows more blood to flow through the capillaries.This means that an increased amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged between the capillaries and skeletal muscle allowing energy production to increase and also to increase the speed at which waste is removed| | | 3| Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the ENERGY systems. Include the following: Phosphocreat ine, Lactic Acid and Aerobic Energy Systems, Energy Continuum and Energy requirement of different activities (e. g. ) Increased movement during exercise increases the demands on the body for energy. The Creatine Phosphate system can provide energy for High intensity activities lasting up to 10 seconds.The supply of Creatine Phosphate will deplete after 10 seconds however. | | | 4| Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the CARDIOVASCULAR system. Include: Anticipatory Response, Activity Response, Increased Blood Pressure, Vasoconstriction, and Vasodilation. (e. g. ) Heart Rate increases immediately as soon as you take part in physical activity. The heart beats more times each minute. This allows more blood containing oxygen to be delivered to skeletal muscles to allow them to create energy. Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate) for the effects on the Cardiovascular system. e. g. ) Vasoconstriction occurs where some blood vessels redirect blood away fro m areas where it is not needed. The diameter of the blood vessels is temporarily reduced so less blood will flow to certain areas. For example, when Cycling less blood is needed in the upper body in comparison to the leg muscles| | | 5| Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the RESPIRATORY system. Include the following: Increase in Breathing Rate, Increased Tidal Volume. (e. g. ) Breathing rate increases as an immediate response to exercise as more oxygen is needed by the body to roduce energy. More breaths and deeper breaths are taken in order to achieve this. Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate) for the effects on the Respiratory system. ( e. g. )The immediate increase in breathing rate is partly due to receptors in the muscles and joints sensing the increase in activity in these parts of the body and sending messages to the brain to increase the rate of breathing so that more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles and more carbon dioxide can be r emoved. | | | USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING| UNIT 2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESSASSESSMENT TASK 2 (P3/P4/M2) The Long-term effects of Exercise SCENARIO To further your knowledge as a Trainee Sports Therapist, You have been asked to give a presentation to members of the Sixth Form Sports Teams to further their knowledge of how exercise affects their bodies over a period of time. Make sure that you cover the following as part of your presentation: * DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal system and Energy Systems (P3) * DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems (P4) EXPLAIN the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy Systems (M2) START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: UNIT 2 ASSESSMENT TASK 2(P3/P4/M2). HELPSHEET GRADING CRITERIA PASS| PASS| MERIT| P3: DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal system and Energy Systems| P 4: DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems| M2: EXPLAIN the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy Systems| USE OF KEY VERBSVERB| PLAIN ENGLISH| Describe| Try to â€Å"Paint a picture†in words. Assume that the person that you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are describing. Tell them what you have learned. | Explain| Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give further details and reasons why. (e. g) Once you have described England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could. | NO. | Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)| TICK WHEN COMPLETE| | | Learner| Assessor| | Assignment Title : The Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Body| | | 2| Paint a picture of the long-term effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal system. Include: Hypertrophy, Increase in Tendon Strength, Increase in Myoglobin Stores, Increased Mitochondria, Increased Glycogen and Fat Stores, Increased Muscle Strength, Increased tolerance to Lactic Acid, Increased Bone Calcium, Increased Ligament Stretch, Increased thickness of Hyaline Cartilage, Increased production of Synovial Fluid. (e. g. ) Muscle Hypertrophy – The size and bulk of the muscles increases.Use of the muscles causes them to tear through stress. The muscle tissue repairs itself and makes the muscle tissue bigger as a resultGive further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate). (e. g. ) Muscles become more efficient at using oxygen as a result of training. More Mitochondria are produced in muscle cells. These are the site where energy is produced and if more sites are available then more energy can be produced and therefore the muscles are able to work for longer due to the increased energy that is available to them. | | 3| Paint a picture of the long-term effects of exercise on the Energy systems. Include: Increased Aerobic and Anaerobic Enzymes, Increased use of Fats for energy. (e. g. )More Aerobic Enzymes are produced through aerobic exercise. These are able to breakdown glucose more effectively and efficientlyGive further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate). (e. g. )More Enzymes are also available to breakdown Fats. More body fat can be stored in muscles as a result of training. The enzymes mean that more fat can be used as an energy source, meaning that the athlete can compete for longer. | | 4| Give further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate) of the changes that happen to the Cardiovascular System. Include: Cardiac Hypertrophy, Increases in: Stroke Volume / Cardiac Output. Decrease in Resting Heart Rate, Capillarisation, Increase in blood volume, Reduced Resting Blood Pressure, Decreased recovery time and increased aerobic fitness. (e. g. )Cardiac Hypertrophy is when the heart muscle increases in size. The cardiac muscle in the Left Ventricle increases in thickness and is able to contract more forcefully.Like any other muscle, through stress from repeated training the heart responds by increasing in size. This affects Stroke Volume as the heart is able to pump more blood out with every beat at rest. In turn this affects Cardiac Output. | | | 5| Give further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate) of the changes that happen to the Respiratory System. Include: Increased -Vital Capacity/Minute Ventilation/Strength of Respiratory Muscles/Oxygen diffusion rate. (e. g. )Like the heart muscle the breathing muscles increase in size and become stronger through endurance training.The diaphragm and Intercostal muscles become stronger allowing the chest cavity to be able to expand more allowing more air and therefore oxygen to enter the lungs. Getting more oxygen into the lungs means that this can be converted into more energy. Therefore, endurance performers can last for longer| | | USE IMAGES TO MAKE YO UR WORK INTERESTING| UNIT 2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESS TASK 3 (P5/M3/D1) Investigating the effects of Exercise SCENARIO You have been asked to collect physiological data from the Sixth Form Sports Teams to assess the effects of exercise on the players within the teams.Make sure that you include the following: * Collect Physiological Data to investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems, with tutor support (P5) * Collect Physiological Data to investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems, with limited tutor support (M3) * Independently investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems. (D1) START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: START DATE: HAND-IN DATE: UNIT 2ASSESSMENT TASK 3 (P5/ M3/D1). HELPSHEET GRADING CRITERIA PASS| MERIT| DISTINCTION| P5: Collect Physiological Data to investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskel etal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems, with tutor support| M3: Collect Physiological Data to investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems, with limited tutor support| D1: Independently investigate the effects of exercise on the muscoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems| USE OF KEY VERBSVERB| PLAIN ENGLISH| Investigate| To search out and look at the particular features of something. (e. g. )To search for the reasons why a team was defeated. This may be due to individual errors, a collective poor performance, a superb piece of play from the opposition etc†¦.. | NO. | Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)| TICK WHEN COMPLETE| | | Learner| Assessor| 1| Assignment Title: Investigating the effects of exercise| | | 2| Use some of the following types of exercise as the basis for investigating. (e. g. ) Aerobic, Resistance, Circuit, Interval. | | 3| Collect Pre-Exercise, Exercise and Post Exerci se and Physiological readings. (e. g. ) Heart Rate, Percentage of Maximum Heart Rate, Rate of perceived exertion, Blood Pressure, Flexibility, Spirometry. | | | UNIT 2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESS ASSESSMENT TASK 4 (P6/M4/D2) Reviewing Physiological Data SCENARIO Now that you have collected your data from the sixth form sports teams you need to conduct a review of the data, using the data that you collected to look at the effects of exercise on the body. Make sure that you include the following: REVIEW physiological data collected, DESCRIBING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems. (P6) * REVIEW physiological data collected, EXPLAINING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems. (M4) * REVIEW physiological data collected, ANALYSING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems. (D2) START DATE: COMPLETION DATE: START DATE: COMPLETION DAT E: UNIT 2 ASSESSMENT TASK 4 (P6/M4/D2). HELPSHEET GRADING CRITERIA PASS| MERIT | DISTINCTION|P6: REVIEW physiological data collected, DESCRIBING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems| M4: REVIEW physiological data collected, EXPLAINING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems| D2: REVIEW physiological data collected, ANALYSING the effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy systems| USE OF KEY VERBS VERB| PLAIN ENGLISH| Describe| Try to â€Å"Paint a picture†in words. Assume that the person that you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are describing.Tell them what you have learned. | Explain| Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give further details and reasons why. (e. g) Once you have described England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some reasons w hy the players did not perform as well as they could. | Analyse| You need to SELECT the KEY POINTS and EXPLAIN each point providing REASONS for each point and also looking at POTENTIAL IMPACTS. (e. g. ) If you were looking at the performance of Barcelona you may pick out the key points in their success – Money, Lionel Messi, Iniesta etc..You would then explain the contribution of each player and also look at what the club could do to regain the Champions League next season| Review| Provide some feedback. Maybe focusing on good and bad points that you have noticed. | NO. | Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)| TICK WHEN COMPLETE| | | Learner| Assessor| 1| Assignment Title: Reviewing Physiological Data| | | 2| Using the data that you collected from your participants:Paint a picture in words of the effects of exercise that you observed. (e. g. ) Participant A – Pre Exercise Heart Rate – 65, Exercise Heart Rate 175, Post Exercise Heart Rate – 125.The participa nt’s heart rate increased as soon as exercise began. It reached a maximum of 175 during the continuous run. This shows that Heart Rate does increase during exercise as the body attempts to increase the delivery of oxygen to the working muscles. | | | 3| Using the data that you collected from your participants:Provide further details and give reasons (where appropriate) for the effects of exercise that you observed. (e. g. )During the Warm-Up prior to the circuit training session, Performer B’s RPE was 3. After 3 stations on the circuit this increased to 5. By station 8, the score had further risen to 7.On the last station of the second circuit, RPE increased to 9. 10 minutes after the session had finished RPE was 5. This shows that RPE increased as the intensity of exercise increased as the performer was working progressively harder. | | | 4| Select the KEY POINTS from your data and give REASONS for each point. (e. g. )Heart Rate increases during physical activity. Thi s seems to correspond with a similar rise in RPE. As the sports performers’ heart and other body systems are working harder the performer can physically feel this change and therefore reports an increase in RPE.Consider: Practicality of exercise activities selected, advantages and disadvantages, strengths and areas for improvement. (e. g. ) The Coopers Run doesn’t cost much to carry out. It can be participated in around a field or alike. It can be carried out in a relatively short time, with quite a large group of participants. It requires minimal equipment. However, when carrying out the test it is vital with regard to reliability and validity that the distance which the run is being taken has been measured accurately. Otherwise, participant’s results can be false. | | | USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING|
Friday, November 8, 2019
Series Breaking Bad
Series Breaking Bad â€Å"Breaking Bad†is one of the best drama action series on television which introduces Walter White, a middle-class chemistry teacher who calls himself Heisenberg. Due to the fact that the episodes in the series vary in their dramatic effect and tension, the episodes’ culminations and endings are always unpredictable, and this aspect, along with the focus on the antagonist as the main character, influences the audience’s great interest in the series.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Series Breaking Bad specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the series started as the typical television crime show, it developed its dramatic effect in several following episodes. In the first episode, Walter White is portrayed as an ordinary chemistry teacher, and the viewer does not expect that he can become a cool-headed killer and the greatest methamphetamine dealer at the West Coast and in some European coun tries (â€Å"Breaking Bad: Official Site†). The motives for Walter’s crime activities are in the fact that he is diagnosed with lung cancer, and Walter knows that he is dying slowly (Stanley). As a result, Walter becomes ‘bad’ and chooses the easiest way to make money for his family while selling methamphetamine with his ex-student Jessie Pinkman. The former student Jessie Pinkman is the supporting negative character in the show who reflects the true nature of Walter’s actions. Pinkman was a terrible student in high school, and his parents punished him because of the drug abuse. Thus, Walter took Jessie under his wing and taught him how to cook and sell methamphetamine to become richer (â€Å"Breaking Bad: Official Site†; Stanley). It is possible to state that Walter had no intentions to kill, but circumstances forced him to act in such a way. However, the show was in progress, and it became clear that there were no boundaries for Walter. Wal ter’s wife Skyler was also affected by the husband’s negative behaviours (â€Å"Breaking Bad: Official Site†). There are moments in the series when Walter can make the audience angry because he goes too far to protect his methamphetamine business, for instance, from his brother-in-law’s intrusion because he works for the DEA. Even though Walter White is the protagonist, the other vivid characters are Saul Goodman, the dirty lawyer with a good heart, and Gustavo Fring, the international fast food franchise owner and the largest methamphetamine dealer in the North America. With references to these characters, the series can demonstrate whom a person can or cannot trust. The show is interesting because of the preserved dramatic effect and manipulation of the audience’s expectations. It is almost impossible to stop watching the episodes because of the desire to know the characters’ fate and outcomes at the end. Thus, the chemistry teacher destro yed his family life because he did not know where to draw the line. The series can be ranked ten on a scale of ten.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Checklist for a Research Paper The thesis is presented as the final sentence of the introductory paragraph, and the reader can refer to its main points as indicators of the essay’s direction. Topic sentences and body paragraphs are clear and well developed to provide the supporting evidences from the show’s plot and to present the discussion of the evidences. The thesis is completely supported with the necessary details and factual examples while referring to the show’s plot, examples from the episodes, and to the discussion of the episodes in The New York Times’ review. I have used the appropriate number of sources to provide the examples from the series with references to the show’s official site and to cite the critical discussion of the series in The New York Times. All the sources are properly cited according to the MLA format. The conclusion effectively summarizes the main points and restates the thesis with presenting the personal opinion on the series. The paper is proofread and revised. The work cited page includes every source cited in the text in the correct format. The paper is formatted according to the MLA Style requirements. Breaking Bad: Official Site. 2013. Web. https://www.amc.com/shows/breaking-bad. Stanley, Alessandra. A Clear Ending to a Mysterious Beginning: The Final Episode of ‘Breaking Bad’ Leaves One Question Unanswered. 30 Sept. 2013. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/arts/television/breaking-bad-finale.html?_r=0.
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Bronfenbrenner and Me essays
Bronfenbrenner and Me essays Psychology many times takes us beyond just the definition of words. It expands our minds and makes us think of the second step right after weve just learned the first. Bronfenbrenner is a guy who can exercise our minds to the fullest. A good example would be his ecological theory. His ecological model involves how a person responds to their surroundings. Bronfenbrenners model is based on nurture and the environment. It takes both concepts and builds on them to develop and adapt the individual to society. There are four main levels of Bronfenbrenners model. Ill explain what each four consist of and give examples of how each level plays a role in my life. The first one would be microsystems that is the everyday contact you encounter, such as family and church. Family is where your comfort and support come in effect. They are the only people who stay by your side during the good and bad times you encounter. Church is the place where you can confess all your wrongs and church can help you turn them into rights. Microsystems can help us give us a positive attitude and feel for life. Mesosystems are like the middle of the pack, its like the microsystem plus the microsystem. For example it would be the coach and parent or like a parent teacher conference. Its like a guide to help you achieve a certain goal. Coachs guide us to develop team skills and work with others to win. Parents teach us values in a similar way but in a more important game called life. Parent teacher conferences are just one way to judge these values by school work and behavior conduct. Exosystems are societal institutions that get us aware of whats going on in our society. Such as School systems and the community in general. Exosystems can shape our behaviors by observing others interacting and listening to their views. ...
Monday, November 4, 2019
Country of the Bad Wolfes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Country of the Bad Wolfes - Essay Example Samuel accidentally kills a guard, and then signs up under an alias for the Army to avoid prosecution, while John moves to graduate in law from Dartmouth. The family follows its destiny to Mexico where they meet Edward Little, a mysterious American businessman who later gets connected to Porfirio Diaz who ruled the country for over thirty years before being ousted through the 1910 Revolution. Through this troubled period of time in America and Mexico, Diaz increases in power with the Wolfes growing richer and richer, forging forward their violent history and breeding a fearsome legacy. There are aspects of this novel that could be figured out as a dream even though there could be some reality in them. Blake is known to be â€Å"a master at weaving historical fact into fiction†according to Leonard and indeed uses rogue heroes, angels, demons and duels to communicate to his audience. According to Bertens, psychoanalysis would view novels as a dream though they would have some truth to communicate (133). In fact, Theisson argues that â€Å"fiction often gets the messages across when dry journalism fails.†There could be need for deeper interpretation before the truth could be grasped when the author uses fiction in introducing the mysterious Edward Little and also in the whole novel where blood is a serious factor that persists even across geography and generations helps the author pass across the significance of blood connection in this novel. The men in this novel have been used to portray the existent sexual tension in the society as they consider women to be objects of satisfaction and that they can have as many as they so wish. The set of twins, Samuel and John get involved in duels and seduce various lovely ladies (Blake 67). On the other side, the women play an important role as they are portrayed as lovers and care givers who play a critical role in passing on life from one generation to another. One of
Friday, November 1, 2019
Voronoi Diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Voronoi Diagram - Essay Example Traditional GIS methods have been found to inapplicable for marine mapping. This is primarily because they were built for two-dimensional land application making it hard to integrate marine features into the model. Marine objects are also likely to move over time which cannot be modeled using the traditional GIS. These limitations necessitated the development of a new modeling system that can accurately incorporate marine features while allowing modifications to the system which does not require an overhaul of the whole model. Christopher Gold (1990) responded to the challenge by spearheading research and development of the Voronoi Diagram - a modeling system with a dual geometric structure. Most of the literature on the development of the VD, either in 2D or in 3D, was authored by him. Voronoi diagrams that were developed were able to solve most of the problems because of the following features: All of these features are available in 2D and 3D Voronoi Diagrams. This paper aims to differentiate 2D Voronoi Diagrams from 3D Voronoi Diagrams delineating their differences, advantages and disadvantages over the other. This paper also aims at pointing out the strengths and weakness of the two diagrams such that a conclusion on which one is more advantageous can be made. In 2D Voronoi Diagram, the cell surrounding a data point is a flat convex polygon having a defined number of neighbors (Gold and Ledoux, 1992). That is, its coordinates are only x and y with no z attribute. The analogy is the same as that of drawing figures on a piece of paper. When a plan view is done on the paper, one can see the shapes defined by the lines that were drawn. When the paper is leveled against one's eyesight, there are no figures which can be seen. This illustrates that no such elevation or depth attribute of the figures exist. The geometric dual structure of 2D Voronoi Diagrams are also "flat" in nature and are defined by Delaunay triangles. In Figure 1, Delaunay Triangles are shown by the dashed lines while the solid lines defining a polygon represent the cells surrounding a data point p.Figure 1. A 2D Voronoi Sample Output (Gold, 1991) The vertices of the triangle generating each Voronoi cell must satisfy the empty circumcircle test. A circle is considered empty when there are no points in its interior but more than three points can be directly on the circle - i.e. the points are on its edges. 3D Voronoi Diagram Construct 3-Dimensional Voronoi Diagrams, as implied by its name, have 3 coordinates defining the space where the figure can be drawn. As opposed to 2D VDs', leveling the plane of the paper with one's eyesight provides a view of the sides of a figure. An appropriate analogy would be that of the viewing a cube held by the hand. When the figure is viewed from the top, one can see a square. When the hand is leveled against one's eyesight, one can still see the figure of a square. The figure is a volumetric object. The convex polygon in a 2D, thru a construction algorithm, generalizes to a convex polyhedron. The geometric dual becomes a Delaunay tetrahedron. In Figure 2, the edges are the Delaunay edges joining the generator
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